Hofstede cultural dimension

1.Outline Hofstede’s framework of cultural differences and compare it with the Chinese Values Survey.

2.Using academic research sources only, discuss the way in which management and leadership in organisations is affected by differences that are likely to exist between employees in Individualism/Collectivism and Long Term/Short Term Orientation.
Please ensure that your essay primarily focuses on the literature concerned with the issues outlined above and other issues that you think are highly relevant. It should contain primarily academic references and it should conform to the referecing guide attached.

Arguments should always come with a counter argument and then a rebuttal, each of them witchsupporting edvidence.
Example:
Argument – According to a research by peter, it has found that the cultural differeces has a negative impact on employee’s relations in organisation.

Counter argument – On the other hand, john argues that cultural differences proves as a motivation factor for employees to perform better and be more competitive, thus increasing performance of organisation on a whole.

Rebuttal – However, greg has shown edvidence in his research that as differences in culture between employees is present, it affect their motivation and are not able to keep uop to expectations.

Format of essay:

-Introduction

-Discussion of the issues(answering to question 1 and question 2)
-Conclusion

University of Sydney Business School Referencing Guide
This referencing guide has been prepared by the Business Programs Unit for use in Units of Study within The
University of Sydney Business School. It is based on the Harvard referencing style.

Contents
1. How to use this guide……………………………………………………………………………………………………………2
2. Some useful terms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
3. Examples – when and how to reference ………………………………………………………………………………….3
3.1 Placement of in-text references……………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
3.2 Summarising a source ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
3.3 Paraphrasing a source …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
3.4 Short quotation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
3.5 Long quotation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4
3.6 Quoting reported speech ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
3.7 Modifying quotations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
3.8 Corporate authors (when there is no author) …………………………………………………………………………………..5
3.9 Use of & (ampersand) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
3.10 Use of ibid…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
3.11 Page numbers and ranges in in-text references ………………………………………………………………………………5
3.12 Page numbers and ranges in reference list entries…………………………………………………………………………..5
3.13 URLs in reference list entries ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
3.14 Using more than one source within the same reference ……………………………………………………………………5
3.15 Using the same source more than once …………………………………………………………………………………………6
3.16 Sources with more than one author ……………………………………………………………………………………………….6
3.17 Sources with same author(s) and year …………………………………………………………………………………………..6
3.18 Secondary sources (a source referenced within another source)……………………………………………………….6
3.19 Author names with particles, suffixes, prefixes and titles …………………………………………………………………..7
3.20 Acronyms and initialisms ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
3.21 Formatting your reference list………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
4. Examples – in-text and reference list entries …………………………………………………………………………..10
4.1 Books, ebooks, translated books and book reviews ……………………………………………………………………….11
4.2 Company information, media releases, standards, patents, brochures ……………………………………………..13
4.3 Internet: web pages, web sites, blogs, social media ……………………………………………………………………….15
4.4 Journal articles ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
4.5 Lectures, tutorials, readings, speeches, interviews, personal communications ………………………………….17
4.6 Magazines ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
4.7 Multimedia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..21
4.8 Newspapers and online news sources ………………………………………………………………………………………….23
4.9 Reports, statistics, government documents, graphs, tables and images ……………………………………………25
4.10 Theses, conference proceedings and papers, working papers ………………………………………………………..27
5. Referencing checklist ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28
Business Programs Unit Page 1
(Revised 20.04.2013)
Business School Referencing Guide
1. How to use this guide
Once you are familiar with this guide and the basics of referencing, you will mainly refer to section 4 which
gives examples of how to reference a wide variety of sources. Use the table of contents on page 1 to quickly
locate the type of source you are referencing.

Section 2 introduces you to some common words and terms used in referencing and in this guide.

Section 3 shows you how to reference according to the way you are using source material, and the rules for
handling the most commonly encountered referencing tasks.

Finally, to help you successfully reference in all your assignments, section 5 (on the last page of this guide) is a
checklist. Please consult it before you submit each assignment.
2. Some useful terms
This section introduces some basic referencing terms and rules.
Harvard referencing style

The Harvard referencing style consists of two parts. First, an in-text reference giving the author, publication
date and in some cases a page number, of your source of information. This is enclosed in parentheses and
placed within a sentence, for example: (Thorpe 2011, p. 21). Second, a reference list at the end of your
assignment, sorted in alphabetical order and containing sufficient information to allow a reader to accurately
and quickly locate your sources.

There are many variations of the Harvard system. These differ in their precise specification of how in-text
references and reference list entries are to be formatted, and the information required to be shown in the
reference list for each of the many different types of sources.

All your assignments written for The University of Sydney Business School must use The University of Sydney
Business School Referencing Guide (BSRG).

A paraphrase means saying something in another way without changing its meaning, for example, using your
own words to express the ideas of an author. A paraphrase may or may not be shorter than the original.

A summary is similar to a paraphrase except it is always much shorter than the original. Summarising
involves ‘compressing’ large amounts of information into usually no more than a few sentences. It involves
picking out the main ideas, leaving out the details, and putting the main ideas into your own words.

A quotation involves reproducing the exact words from a source. Quotations must be carefully selected and
copied from the original source material, and should be sparingly used to support your arguments or the key
points you wish to make.

If you wish to use a short quotation, you must put single quotation marks (‘ ’) around the words of the
original author and integrate the quotation into your sentence.

For long quotations (over 30 words) single quotation marks are not used. Instead you must indent the quote
from the left and right margins.

You use double quotation marks (“ ”) only when referencing a quotation that is within a quotation.

Important: Make sure you include the author’s family name (or the source’s name) and year of publication
every time you paraphrase, summarise or quote.

Note: When using a quotation, you must also include the page number(s) from which the quotation was
taken (unless the source is a web page or from multimedia).

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Business School Referencing Guide
3. Examples – when and how to reference
You must reference any material or ideas that you use in your assignments which are not your own.

3.1 Placement of in-text references
In-text references must be placed within a sentence. That is, they must be placed before the full stop.

There are two ways of formatting in-text references: Author (Date) and (Author Date).

The first format is used to emphasise the author. It is often used when comparing studies or information
from different sources. Usually, one author’s name is near the beginning of a sentence. For example:

According to Jones (2007) … . However, a more recent study by Henderson (2011) showed that …

The second format is used only to indicate the source of the idea or information you are using. The
reference should be placed immediately after the idea or information that you have used. It is often placed
at the end of a sentence. When using more than one idea or source in a sentence, each reference should
be placed after the idea or information you have used. For example:

Mergers and acquisitions often fail to achieve expected synergies (Crannock 2008), but when their goals,
and the strategies to achieve them, are objectively assessed, they are much more likely to lead to growth
and increased shareholder value (Benson and Hodge 2010).

3.2 Summarising a source
When you summarise a source, the in-text reference should be placed near the beginning of the very first
sentence of the paragraph. The first and second sentences should very clearly indicate that you are writing
about the source. For example:

Lane (2008) does not agree with the critics of state-led capitalism in Russia. Instead he thinks that the
Putin model, while not perfect, is a realistic way to develop Russia’s resources for the following three
reasons. First, it is based on the strong and accepted influence of the state in the private sector. Second,
he believes that this form of state-led capitalism is a great improvement on the ‘chaotic’ capitalism that
characterised the early period of transition. Finally, he concludes that there will not be any great re-
nationalisation of industry.

Reference list
Lane, D. 2008, ‘From chaotic to state-led capitalism’, New Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 177-184.

3.3 Paraphrasing a source
When you paraphrase a source, the in-text reference does not include a page number. For example:

The Allen Consulting Group (2006) presented a convincing argument that skills matter to employers.

Reference list
Allen Consulting Group 2006, World class skills for world class industries: employers’ perspectives on
skilling in Australia, Allen Consulting Group, Sydney.

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Business School Referencing Guide
3.4 Short quotation
Quotations of less than about 30 words are always integrated within your own sentence. Whenever you
quote, you must use your source’s exact words, and include the page number where the quoted words
were found. For example:
Many questions have been raised about issues concerning ‘skills and skill development’ (Fenwick and Hall
2006, p. 571).

Reference list
Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, ‘Skills in the knowledge economy: changing meanings in changing
conditions’, Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.

3.5 Long quotation
Long quotations, typically those longer than about 30 words, must be indented from both margins. Word
users can do this by applying the built-in style ‘Block Text’ (but note you may have to modify the default
style to remove borders and italicisation).

There has been some debate within the academic community in recent decades about how to best define
the term globalisation. Given how contested this term has become, the following definition of globalisation
will be used in this assignment:

Globalisation involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is
usually understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural)
separating different regions of the world are reduced or removed, thereby stimulating
exchanges in goods, services, money, and people (Hamilton and Webster 2009, p. 5).

Reference list
Hamilton, L. and Webster, P. 2009, The international business environment, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.

3.6 Quoting reported speech
Sometimes you may want to quote the words spoken by a person as reported in a newspaper or news
source.
To do this, give the title and name of the person, and reference the source as usual. For example:
Harvey Norman executive chairman Gerry Harvey recently stated that ‘there are more retailers currently
under pressure than I’ve ever seen’ (Kruger 2012).

Reference list
Kruger, C. 2012, ‘Harvey warns of more failures in store’, Sydney Morning Herald, 28 November, viewed
29 November 2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/business/harvey-warns-of-more-failures-in-store-20121127-
2a5pg.html>

3.7 Modifying quotations
Sometimes you may need to modify a quotation by changing or inserting one or more words either to make
it grammatically correct within your own sentence, or to clarify an ambiguous place name, or to join two
quotations together.
To do this, place square brackets around the inserted text. For example: ‘ … resided near Perth [Scotland]’.

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Business School Referencing Guide
3.8 Corporate authors (when there is no author)
If your source is published, either in print or on the Internet by a recognised organisation but has no
personal author, then it can be referenced by using the name of organisation that published the work. This
applies to publications by, for example, newspapers, associations, companies, organisations and
government departments.
Examples: Qantas 2010, Hewlett Packard 2011, United Nations 2007, New York Times 2012.

3.9 Use of & (ampersand)
Use ‘and’ instead of ‘&’, except when ‘&’ is used in the source’s title, publisher or database name.
For example: Smith and Jones (2009); Journal of Banking & Finance.

3.10 Use of ibid.
Do not use ‘ibid.’ when using any in-text referencing style, including Harvard.

3.11 Page numbers and ranges in in-text references
For in-text referencing use ‘p.’ for ‘page’ and ‘pp.’ for ‘page range’. For example:

If the quotation was found on page 63: Jones (2010, p. 63) or (Jones 2010, p. 63).
If the quotation ran over the page break: Jones (2010, pp. 63-64) or (Jones 2010, pp. 63-64).
If the quotation is not from sequential pages: Jones (2010, pp. 42, 63-67) or (Jones 2010, pp. 42, 63-67).

Important: Page numbers are required for all in-text quotations, except when your source does not have
page numbers, such as a web page or multimedia.

3.12 Page numbers and ranges in reference list entries

Do not add the page numbers or ranges used in your in-text references to your reference list entries.

3.13 URLs in reference list entries
When the source is found online (on the Internet) you need to include the URL in its reference list entry.
For example: <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/opinion/01iht-edyan01.html>

Important: If when you paste a URL into your document it becomes an underlined hyperlink, you must
remove the hyperlink (which will remove the underlining). This is to ensure readability.
Most word processing programs, like Microsoft Word, have an option to turn off automatic generation of
hyperlinks when URLs are pasted. In Word 2007: Word Options | Proofing | AutoCorrect Options |
AutoFormat As You Type | untick Internet and network paths with hyperlinks.

3.14 Using more than one source within the same reference
If you are using more than one source to support your argument, they must be listed alphabetically within
the in-text reference.
Mergers and acquisitions can benefit the organisation, but care must be taken assessing the synergy
between the companies before the deal is finalised (Needle 2010, Wiklund and Shepherd 2009).

Reference list
th
Needle, D. 2010, Business in context, 5 ed., Cengage Learning, Hampshire.
Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. 2009, ‘The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: the role of resource
combination activities’, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 193-212.

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Business School Referencing Guide
3.15 Using the same source more than once
When you use the same source more than once in your assignment, you must only list the source once in
your reference list.

3.16 Sources with more than one author
In both in-text references and the reference list the order of the authors should be exactly as shown on the
title page of the source.
Authors In-text reference Reference list

Shields (2007) proposes that …
1 Shields, J. 2007, …
…. (Shields 2007).

… high success rate (Jones and Spracher 2008).
2 Jones, P. and Spracher, F. 2008, …
According to Jones and Spracher (2008) …

… result (Hanson, Peters and O’Reilly 2010).
3 Hanson, J. F., Peters, O. and O’Reilly, M. 2010, …
Hanson, Peters and O’Reilly (2010) report…

4 … consolidation (Johnson et al. 2007). Johnson, M., Deudney, D., Leverett, G., and
or more Johnson et al. (2007) observe that when… Strange, P. 2007, ….

3.17 Sources with same author(s) and year
To distinguish each source, add a suffix (e.g. 2010a, 2010b) to both the in-text reference and the
corresponding reference list entry dates. Reference list items are in the same order as referenced in your
assignment, earliest first.
Linklater (2002a) states that … improvements of up to 80 percent have been observed (Linklater 2002b).

Reference list
Linklater, P. 2002a, Workflow analysis: an introduction, Faber, Sydney.
Linklater, P. 2002b, ‘Enterprise content management and productivity’, Journal of Process Management,
vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1023-1047.

3.18 Secondary sources (a source referenced within another source)
Referencing a source that is referenced within the source you are using is also referred to as ‘referencing a
secondary source’. In this example your source is Dwyer:

Employability skills are described as ‘those skills essential for employment and for personal development’
(Gibbs 2004 cited in Dwyer 2008, p. 61).

OR

Gibbs (2004) describes employability skills as ‘those skills essential for employment and for personal
development’ (cited in Dwyer 2008, p. 61).

Reference list
th
Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8 ed., Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs
Forest.

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Business School Referencing Guide
3.19 Author names with particles, suffixes, prefixes and titles
Names with particles
Often names of Dutch, Flemish and German origin have particles like ‘von’, ‘van’, ‘van der’ and so on.
For example: Anne Sofie von Otter, Karl Klaus von der Decken, Ludwig van Beethoven, Vincent van Gogh,
and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Names of French origin may use the particle ‘de’ or ‘du’.
For example: Henri de Villiers, Anne du Bourg.
When referencing Dutch or Flemish names, the particle is always included in the in-text reference, and put
last (before the date) in the reference list entry unless, as is often the case, the person is referred to in-text
by the particle, which is always capitalised.
For example: Van Gogh, Van der Vaart.
When referencing German names the particle is dropped in the in-text reference, and put last in the
reference list entry.
When referencing French names the particle is retained in both in-text and reference list entries.
Some examples are listed on the next page.
Full name In-text reference Reference list entry

Ludwig van Beethoven Beethoven (1813) Beethoven, L. van 1813, …

Karl Klaus von der Decken Decken (1855) Decken, K. K. von der 1855, …

Vincent van Gogh (1885) Gogh, V. van 1885 …
Vincent van Gogh or or
Van Gogh (1885) Van Gogh, V. 1885 …

Henri Jacques de Villiers de Villiers (2002) de Villiers, H. J. 2002 …

Based on Teijlingen, E. van 2004, ‘Referencing Flemish, Dutch and German authors in English’, Medical
Sociology News, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42-44.
Names with prefixes and suffixes

Some American names use the generational suffixes ‘Jr.’ or ‘Sr.’ to indicate son and father respectively,
and in some rare cases, mother and daughter. In British English ‘Jnr.’ and ‘Snr.’ are used instead. As well,
a Roman numeral ‘I’ is sometimes used instead of ‘Jr.’ and more rarely this may extend to further
generations as ‘II’ and ‘III’. When referencing such names, the suffix should only be included if the author
uses it for his or her publications.

Some names have a prefix, such as ‘St.’ – the abbreviation for ‘saint’ and often pronounced as ‘sin’.

The following table lists some examples.

Full name In-text reference Reference list entry

Barack Hussein Obama II Obama (2012) Obama, B. H. 2012, …

William James Buckley Jr. Buckley (1995) Buckley, W. J. Jr. 1995, …

Peter Samuel St. John St. John (2001) St. John, P. S. 2001, …

Business Programs Unit Page 7
Business School Referencing Guide
Names with titles

Titles and honorifics such as Sir, Lord, Dame and so on are not used in references.

For example, Susan Adele Greenfield’s full title is Baroness Professor Greenfield CBE, but she would be
referenced in-text as simply (Greenfield 2002) and in a reference list as: Greenfield, S. A. 2002 …
Irish and Scots names

Many Irish names begin with O’, and this must be retained in referencing. Many Scots names begin with
Mac and sometimes Mc, and this must be retained in referencing. The letter immediately following O’, Mac
or Mc must be capitalised. The following table lists some examples.

Full name In-text reference Reference list entry

Phyllis McCaul McCaul (2012) McCaul, P. 2012, …

William James MacDonald MacDonald (2011) MacDonald, J. W. 2011, …

Peter O’Toole O’Toole (2000) O’Toole, P. 2000, …
3.20 Acronyms and initialisms
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters (or groups of letters) of the words making up a
company’s or organisation’s name. In speech an acronym replaces the full name. For example, we talk
about ‘Qantas’ not ‘Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services’ (the registered name of the airline
is currently Qantas Airways Limited).
When referencing a source authored by an acronym, the acronym must be used in both in-text references
and the reference list entry.
In-text reference: Qantas (n.d.).

Reference list
Qantas n.d., Qantas investors, Qantas Airlines Limited, Mascot NSW, viewed 16 January 2012,
<http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors/global/en>
Initialisms are formed for convenience, typically when you need to refer several times to an entity, object
or process with a multi-worded name. Unlike acronyms, initialisms are not spoken as words. Instead, all
their letters are pronounced. For example, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) and ABC
(Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Initialisms may not be unique. For example, ABC is also an
initialism for American Broadcasting Corporation.
An initialism’s first in-text reference must show its full name followed by the initialism itself in brackets.
In-text reference: In 2007 the International Energy Agency (IEA) undertook a major study of worldwide oil
production. For 580 of the largest fields already past peak production, the average production decline rate
was 5.1% (IEA 2008, p. 221).

Reference list
International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008, World energy outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, OECD
Publishing, Paris.
Note: You do not need to give the full names of very commonly known initialisms like ‘CD’ or ‘DVD’.

Business Programs Unit Page 8
Business School Referencing Guide
3.21 Formatting your reference list
Your reference list must be in alphabetical order. It should also be easy to read. It is recommended that
you choose a paragraph spacing of 9pt so that there is a gap between each reference list entry. This
improves readability.
Important: Do not number or bullet a reference list.
Note carefully how items with the same author and the same date (Linklater), and items with the same
author but with different dates (Smil), are used in the following example:

Reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Labour statistics Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra,
Catalogue No. 6101.0.

‘Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm’ 2009, Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 596.

Datastream International 2011, In Constituents of the S&P ASX200, Daily index data 2005-2010, viewed
13 November 2011, Datastream International/Equity Lists/LS&PCOMP.
th
Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8 ed., Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs
Forest.

International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008, World energy outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, OECD
Publishing, Paris.

Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory
failure, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011, Palgrave Connect Economics & Finance
Collection 2010, doi: 10.1057/9780230106185.

Kindleberger, C. 1999, ‘Fools and their money – what’s left of it’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19
August, viewed 28 September 2004, ProQuest Central, 398688342.

Linklater, P. 2002a, Workflow analysis: an introduction, Faber, Sydney.

Linklater, P. 2002b, ‘Enterprise content management and productivity’, Journal of Process Management,
vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1023-1047.
th
Needle, D. 2010, Business in context, 5 ed., Cengage Learning, Hampshire.

‘One dead in multiple beach rescue’ 2011, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, p. 10.

Parched: the politics of water 2008, podcast, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National, 21
November, viewed 28 September 2009,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/2426405.htm>

Qantas n.d., Qantas investors, Qantas Airways Limited, Mascot NSW, viewed 16 January 2012,
<http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors/global/en>

Smil, V. 2006, Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Oxford
University Press, New York.

Smil, V. 2008, Global catastrophes and trends: the next 50 years, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Smil, V. 2010, Energy myths and realities: bringing science to the energy policy debate, American
Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C.

Teijlingen, E. van 2004, ‘Referencing Flemish, Dutch and German authors in English’, Medical Sociology
News, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42-44.

Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. 2009, ‘The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: the role of resource
combination activities’, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 193-212, viewed 20
November 2012, Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00286.x.

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Business School Referencing Guide
4. Examples – in-text and reference list entries
In this section of the guide information has been organised into three columns:

Column 1. Type of source lists the different types of source materials that you may need to reference. It would
not be practical to list every type of source you may encounter in your studies; however, the
examples provided in this guide should be sufficient.

Column 2. In-text reference shows you how to make an in-text reference (sometimes called an in-text citation).
This is where you refer to your sources of information within your assignment whenever you
paraphrase, summarise, or use a direct quotation or other source material, such as a graph or table.

Formatting rules concerning punctuation and spacing must be followed exactly. For example:

(Jones, 2012) is incorrect, while (Jones 2012) is correct.

Column 3. Reference list entry shows you how to insert each type of reference in the reference list at the end
of your assignment. This list of references gives your reader all the information they need to easily
find the sources you have used. These entries must be listed in alphabetical order, and follow
exactly the rules for use of capitals, italics and punctuation. It may not always be possible for you to
obtain all of the information specified; however you must supply sufficient information for the source
to be easily located.

The following table shows how to interpret the formatting rules for titles in reference list entries.

Format rule How to apply the rule Example

Title of x Capitalise the first letter of the Business in context
e.g. title and the first letter of any
Title of article proper name(s) in the title Business management in
Title of report Australia

Title of X Capitalise the first letter of Department of Foreign Affairs
e.g. each word in the title exactly as
Government it is capitalised in the source Springer Link
Department or Body
Database Name

Title of x Capitalise the first letter of the Gwynne Dyer – author &
e.g. title and the first letter of any historian
Title of website proper name(s) in the title, and Introduction to international
Title of book apply italics business
Title of lecture Politics in Cambodia

Title of X Capitalise the first letter of Journal of Marketing
e.g. each word in the title exactly as
Title of Journal it is capitalised in the source, OECD Review
Title of Newspaper and apply italics

Note: initialisms are always capitalised, e.g. OECD, never Oecd; DVD not Dvd

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Business School Referencing Guide
4.1 Books, ebooks, translated books and book reviews

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Book Shields (2007) proposes that Author(s) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.
(print) … Example:
Shields, J. 2007, Managing employee performance and reward,
Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.

Book with no It was affirmed in Bomber Title of book Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.
author Command: the Air Ministry Example:
(print) account of Bomber Bomber Command: the Air Ministry account of Bomber
Command’s offensive Command’s offensive against the Axis Sept 1939-July 1941
against the Axis Sept 1939- 1941, HMSO, London.
July 1941 (1941) that . . .

Book with no The ancient scholar Aurelius Author(s) n.d., Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.
publication date (n.d.) claimed that . . . Example:
(print) Aurelius, M. n.d., Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, Library of
Classics, London.

Book with more Some characterise the Author(s) Year, Title of book, number of edition, Publisher,
than one edition discipline of finance (Frino, Place of Publication.
(print) Hill and Chen 2009) as … Example:
Frino, A., Hill, A. and Chen, Z. 2009, Introduction to corporate
th
finance, 4 ed., Pearson Education Australia, Sydney.

Edited book The foundations of industrial Editor(s) (ed./eds.)* Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of
(print) justice are examined by Publication.
Patmore (2003) through … *use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors
Examples:
Some critics deny the fact Patmore, G. (ed.) 2003, Laying the foundations of industrial
that … (Jones and Hensher justice: the presidents of the Industrial Relations Commission of
2008). NSW 1902-1998, The Federation Press, Sydney.

Jones, S. and Hensher, D. (eds.) 2008, Advances in credit risk
modelling and bankruptcy prediction, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.

Chapter in an One perspective on women Author(s) Year, ‘Title of chapter’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of
edited book and work is offered by Baird book, Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers.
(print) (2010) in her discussion of … *use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors
Example:
Baird, M. 2010, ‘Women and work in Australia: a theoretical and
historical overview’ in P. A. Murray, R. Kramar and P. McGraw
(eds.), Women at work: research, policy and practice, Tilde
University Press, Melbourne, pp. 1-23.

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Translated book Dreams and nightmares Author(s) Year, Title of book, translated from Language by
(print) frequently function as Translator(s), Publisher, Place of Publication.
allegories in … Example:
(Krzhizhanovsky 2006). Krzhizhanovsky, S. 2006, Memories of the future, translated
from Russian by Turnbull, J., New York Review Books Classics,
New York.

Electronic book Jarsulic (2010) suggests that Author(s) Year, Title of book, (edition number if available),
(eBook) … Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, doi: or item number
(database) or ISBN (if available).
Example with DOI:
Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate
bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory failure, Palgrave
Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011, Palgrave
Connect Economics & Finance Collection 2010,
doi: 10.1057/9780230106185.

Electronic book Locke (1821) argued that … Author(s) Year, Title of book, (edition number if available),
(eBook) Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
(online) Example:
Locke, J. 1821, Two treatises of government, Whitmore and
Fenn, and C. Brown, London, viewed 9 July 2012,
<http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K5UIAAAAQAAJ>

Chapter in an Kepes and Delery (2007) Author(s) Year, ‘Title of chapter’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of
edited electronic have outlined … book, (edition number if available), Publisher, Place, viewed
book (eBook) Day Month Year, Database Name, doi: or item number or ISBN
(database) (if available).
*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors
Example with ISBN:
Kepes, S. and Delery, J. 2007, ‘HRM systems and the problem
of the internal fit’ in P. Boxall, J. Purcell, and P. Wright (eds.),
The Oxford handbook of human resource management, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, viewed 24 February 2008, Informit
Business Collection, ISBN 019928251X.

Book review Henry Ford wanted to Review Author(s) Year, ‘Title of review’ review of Title of book
(print) ‘remake the world by reviewed by Author(s), Journal Title, volume number, issue
integrating factory life and number, page numbers.
farming in a modern Arcadia’ Example:
(Scott 2009, p. 32). Scott, J. C. 2009, ‘Duas cervejas’ review of Fordlandia: the rise
and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city by Grandin, G.,
London Review of Books, vol. 31, no. 19, pp. 31-33.

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Book review Henry Ford wanted to Review Author(s) Year, ‘Title of review’ review of Title of book
(online) ‘remake the world by reviewed by Author(s), Journal Title, volume number (if
integrating factory life and available), issue number (if available), viewed Day Month Year,
farming in a modern Arcadia’ <URL>
(Scott 2009). Example:
Scott, J. C. 2009, ‘Duas cervejas’ review of Fordlandia: the rise
and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city by Grandin, G.,
London Review of Books, vol. 31, no. 19, viewed 20 January
2012, <http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n19/james-c-scott/duas-
cervejas>

4.2 Company information, media releases, standards, patents, brochures

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Brochure or Further information is Title of brochure Year, Publisher, Location of Publication.
pamphlet described in Austudy (2010) Example:
… Austudy 2010, Centrelink, Canberra, ACT.

Company profile (Datamonitor 2010) Database Name Year, Company Name company profile,
(commercial viewed Day Month Year, Database Provider.
database) Example:
Datamonitor 2007, Monax Mining Limited company profile,
viewed 7 October 2011, Business Source Premier (EBSCO).

Company report (Morningstar 2011) Database Name Year, Report title, viewed Day Month Year,
(commercial Database Provider.
database) Example:
(Aspect Huntley 2008) Morningstar 2010, Macquarie Generation company report,
viewed 18 July 2011, Morningstar DatAnalysis.
Aspect Huntley 2008, MHM Metals company report, viewed 18
June 2010, Aspect Huntley Annual Reports Online.

Financial data (Datastream International Datastream International Year, Search Code Name, Data
(from Thomson 2011) description, viewed Day Month Year, Datastream
Reuters International/Database Segment searched/SEARCH CODE.
Datastream) Example:
Datastream International 2011, In Constituents of the S&P
ASX200, Daily index data 2005-2010, viewed 13 November
2011, Datastream International/Equity Lists/LS&PCOMP.

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

GMID (Global …. (GMID 2012). Global Market Information Database (GMID) Year of Data, Data
Market report title, Data Report Type, Data Report Date or Date Range,
Information viewed Day Month Year, Euromonitor International Passport
Database) GMID.
Examples:
Note: ‘GMID’ has been
renamed ‘Passport GMID’. Global Market Information Database (GMID) 2005, Fast food in
the USA, Major Market Profiles Report, September 2005,
viewed 6 January 2012, Euromonitor International Passport
GMID.
Note: If the data does not apply to a specific year then use n.d.
for the date:
Global Market Information Database (GMID) n.d., Fast food in
the USA, Major Market Profiles Report, viewed 6 January
2012, Euromonitor International Passport GMID.

Media release … to be ‘based on the most Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of release, media release,
rigorous scientific evidence release Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
available’ (Office of the Prime Example:
Minister 2011). Office of the Prime Minister 2011, New focus on scientific
evidence to build confidence in coal seam gas and coal mining,
media release, 21 November, viewed 17 January 2012,
<http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/new-focus-scientific-
evidence-build-confidence-coal-seam-gas-and-coal-mining>

Patent A patent was taken out Author(s) Year, Title of patent, Country Patent No.
(Pettigrew 2007) following… Example:
Pettigrew, J. 2007, New system of teaching accounting,
Australia Patent 2007101217.

Standard (Standards Australia/New Standards Country Year, Standard title, Standard Code
(database) Zealand 2004) Number, viewed Day Month Year, Database Name.
Example:
Standards Australia/New Zealand 2004, Information technology
- process assessment – guidance on performing an
assessment, AS/NZS ISO/IEC 15504.3:2004, viewed 4 April
2011, Standards Australia Online.

Standard (Standards Australia 1987) Standards Country Year, Standard title, Standard Code
(print) Number, Standards Organisation, Location of Publication.
Example:
Standards Australia 1987, Data processing – vocabulary -
computer graphics, AS1189.13-1987, Standards Australia,
NSW.

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4.3 Internet: web pages, web sites, blogs, social media
Web page titles: most browsers show web site and web page titles in a title bar at the top of the window. It is
acceptable to truncate the title providing the information removed is shown elsewhere in the reference list entry.
Note: this section applies only to web pages, not to downloaded documents (usually in PDF format) such as
reports, journal articles, conference papers and so on. Refer to the relevant section to reference these items.

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Web page with Cagliarini and McKibbin Author(s) Year, Title of web page, Name of Organisation, Place
author(s) (2009) discuss … of Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Note: for online Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. 2009, Global relative price
magazines and, shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of
newspapers see Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,
sections 4.6 and <http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2009/2009-10.html>
4.8.

Web page, no The level of fiscal stimulus is Title of web page Year, Name of Organisation, Place of
author summarised in the Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Department of Treasury Example:
Note: for online Annual Report 2009-2010 Department of Treasury Annual Report 2009-2010 2010,
magazines and, (2010)… Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 28 October 2010,
newspapers see <http://www.treasury.gov.au/contentitem.asp?NavId=036&Cont
sections 4.6 and entID=1893>
4.8.

Web page, no According to the Department Author(s) n.d., Title of web page, Name of Organisation, Place
publication date of Energy (n.d.), the bombing of Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
of Germany’s synthetic fuel Example:
plants crippled its military Department of Energy n.d., The early days of coal research, US
capability. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., viewed 10 January
2012,
<http://fossil.energy.gov/aboutus/history/syntheticfuels_history.h
tml>

Web site … inflationary pressures Author(s) Year (of last update if available), Title of web site,
(Reserve Bank of Australia Name of Organisation (if available), Place of Organisation (if
Note: reference 2007). available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
a web site only Example:
when using Reserve Bank of Australia 2007, Reserve Bank of Australia,
multiple web Sydney, viewed 23 March 2007, <www.rba.gov.au>
pages from it

Web blog In his blog, Quiggin (2011) Author(s) Year of Posting, Title of web blog, web blog, viewed
criticises… Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, John Quiggin: commentary on Australian &
world events from a social-democratic perspective, web blog,
viewed 14 January 2011, <http://johnquiggin.com>

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Web blog post Following the crisis, Quiggin Author(s) Year of Posting, ‘Title of web blog post’, Title of web
(2011) speculated that … blog, web blog post, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year,
<URL>
Example:
Quiggin, J. 2011, ‘Total core meltdown’, John Quiggin:
commentary on Australian & world events from a social-
democratic perspective, web blog post, 20 December, viewed
31 December 2011, <http://johnquiggin.com>

Social media Save the Children UK (2012) Author(s) Year of Posting, ‘Title of post’, Title of Service, posted
(Facebook, My reports that 1.2 million East Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Space, renren, African children .. Example:
Sina Weibo) Save the Children UK 2012, ‘Morning! How is everyone today?
Caution: Social media are Feel like helping end the kind extreme hunger [sic]?’, Facebook,
generally not reliable sources posted 12 January, viewed 17 January 2012, <http://en-
of information. gb.facebook.com/savethechildrenuk>

4.4 Journal articles

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Journal article According to Carlin (2007) … Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,
(print) issue number, page numbers.
Example:
Carlin, T. 2007, ‘Some reflections on research’, Compliance and
Regulatory Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-13.

Journal article, The problems facing baby ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Journal, volume number, issue
no author (print) boomers have been carefully number, page numbers.
investigated (‘Cancer Example:
generation: baby boomers ‘Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm’ 2009,
facing a perfect storm’ 2009) Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 596.
…

Journal article Energy policy was skewed Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,
(online) ‘towards security of supply issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year, Web
and climate change’ (Helm Site Name, doi: (if available).
2005, p. 1). Or
Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,
issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Note: When a DOI (digital object identifier) is available, always
use the first format.
Example:
Helm, D. 2005, ‘The assessment: the new energy paradigm’,
Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-18,
viewed 13 February 2008, Oxford Journals, doi:
10.1093/oxrep/gri001.

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Journal article The question of what will Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,
(database) happen to banks is issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year,
introduced by Bossone Database Name, doi: or item number (if available).
(2001) … Example with DOI (digital object identifier):
Bossone, B. 2001, ‘Do banks have a future? A study on
banking and finance as we move into the third millennium’,
Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,
viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect, doi: 10.1016/S0378-
4266(01)00196-0.
Example with item number:
Note: the item number may be called the accession number or
document number or document id.
Bossone, B. 2001, ‘Do banks have a future? A study on
banking and finance as we move into the third millennium’,
Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,
viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect, 97753458.

4.5 Lectures, tutorials, readings, speeches, interviews, personal communications

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Lecture materials According to Piggott (2011) Author(s) Year, Title of lecture (Unit Code), Teaching
from Blackboard business refers to … Organisation, Place of Publication, Lecture Date, viewed Day
(slides, recording Month Year, <URL>
of lecture) Example:
Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to business (BUSS1002), The
University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March, viewed 14 March
2011, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>

Unit of study Fisher (2004) demonstrates Author(s) Year, ‘Title of reading’ in Editor(s) (ed.), Title of
readings from the important role that self course (Unit Code), Teaching Organisation, Place of
Blackboard reflection plays in the Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
development of critical Note: Only reference course readings by this method if they
thinking. cannot be found elsewhere. You should always reference the
original source (book, journal article) where possible.
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, ‘Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do
you do it?’ in L. Piggott (ed.), Introduction to business
(BUSS1001), The University of Sydney, Sydney, viewed 14
January 2011, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Material from unit Critical self-reflection is Author(s) Year, ‘Title of document’ in Editor(s) (ed.), Title of
of study reader defined as ‘. . .’ (Fisher course reader, Teaching Organisation, Place of Publication.
(print) 2004). Note: Only reference course readings by this method if they
cannot be found elsewhere. You should always reference
the original source (book, journal article) where possible.
Example:
Fisher, K. 2004, ‘Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do
you do it?’ in L. Piggott (ed.), BUSS1002 reader, The University
of Sydney, Sydney.

Lecture or Piggott (2011) defined … Author(s) Year, Lecture/Tutorial title (Unit Code), at Teaching
tutorial notes Organisation, Place of Publication, Day Month.
(your notes from Example:
lecture/tutorial or Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to business (BUSS1002), at The
words spoken by University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March.
lecturer/tutor)

Speech Rudd (2011) argued that the Speaker Year, Title of speech, Title of Conference, at Place of
(at a conference) G20 was the only Speech, Day Month.
organisation capable of … Example:
Rudd, K. 2011, University of Queensland annual lecture in
politics and international affairs, ISA Asia-Pacific Regional
Section Inaugural Conference, at Brisbane, 30 September.

Speech According to Bell (2011), the Speaker Year, Title of lecture or speech, Name of Organisation
(other than a unit Chinese government has (if any), at Place of Speech, Day Month.
of study lecture, utilised three sources … Example:
such as a public Bell, D. 2011, Political legitimacy in China: a Confucian
lecture, address, perspective, Sydney Ideas, at The University of Sydney, 5
or statement) October.

Interview In an interview, the former Interviewee(s) Year, author interview, Day Month, location (if
Microsoft CEO said ‘…’ available).
(Gates 2012). Example:
Note: If you provide a Gates, B. 2012, author interview, 3 July, Seattle.
transcription of the interview
Note:
in an appendix, insert a
footnote to refer the reader to The interviewee is the person interviewed, not the person
that appendix. conducting the interview.
Personal Source (Year, pers. comm. No entry is required in the reference list.
communication Day Month)
(verbal, written –
hard copy or
F. J. Hodgson (2004, pers.
email)
comm. 27 October)
confirmed …

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Business School Referencing Guide
4.6 Magazines

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Magazine article Hudson (2006) observed the Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)
with author tax burden had steadily Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number
(print) shifted from property to (if available), page number(s).
labour … Example:
Hudson, M. 2006, ‘The new road to serfdom: an illustrated
guide to the coming real estate collapse’, Harper’s, May, vol.
312, no. 1872, pp. 39-46.

Magazine article, … influence (‘Danger of ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Magazine, Month, volume number
no author academics growing (if available), issue number (if available), page number(s).
(print) dependence on private OR
sector’ 2001). Title of Magazine Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine,
Month, volume number (if available), issue number (if
OR available), page number(s).
… influence (Getting Example:
Together: Social Justice ‘Danger of academics growing dependence on private sector’
Monitor 2001). 2001, Getting Together: Social Justice Monitor, April, p. 13.
OR
Getting Together: Social Justice Monitor 2001, ‘Danger of
academics growing dependence on private sector’, Getting
Together: Social Justice Monitor, April, p. 13.

Magazine article Gettler (2011) notes that Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)
with author business are being forced to Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number
(online) adapt to increasing usage of (if available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
smartphone and tablet Year, <URL>
technology. Example:
Gettler, L. 2011, ‘Mobile commerce on fast track’, Management
Today, October, viewed 7 November 2011,
<http://www.aim.com.au/DisplayStory.asp?ID=808>

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Magazine article, In the long term, US gas ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or) Month (if
no author exports may not be as large available), volume number (if available), issue number (if
(online) as some commentators have available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
predicted (‘Rice study Year, <URL>
questions volume of future OR
US natural gas exports’ Title of Magazine Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day
2012). (and/or) Month (if available), volume number (if available),
issue number (if available), page number(s) (if available),
OR viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
… commentators have Example:
predicted (Oil & Gas Journal ‘Rice study questions volume of future US natural gas exports’
2012). 2012, Oil & Gas Journal, 15 August, viewed 17 August 2012,
<http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/08/rice-study-questions-
volume-of-future-us-natural-gas-exports.html>
OR
Oil & Gas Journal 2012, ‘Rice study questions volume of future
US natural gas exports’, 2012, Oil & Gas Journal, 15 August,
viewed 17 August 2012,
<http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/08/rice-study-questions-
volume-of-future-us-natural-gas-exports.html>

Magazine article … the first privately owned Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)
with author company based in China to Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number
(database) list on the New York Stock (if available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
Exchange’ (Knight 2011). Year, Database Name, item number (if available).
Note: the item number may be called the accession number or
document number or document id.
Example:
Knight, E. 2011, ‘The sun king: Shi Zhengrong’, The Monthly,
June 2011, viewed 9 December 2011, Informit Humanities &
Social Sciences Collection, 201107386.

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Magazine article The City of Snoqualmie ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or) Month (if
with no author Headquarters Fire Station ‘is available), volume number (if available), issue number (if
(database) the first naturally ventilated available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
fire facility in the country’ Year, Database Name, item number (if available).
(‘Combined use’ 2005). OR
Title of Magazine Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day
OR (and/or) Month (if available), volume number (if available),
… facility in the country’ (Fire issue number (if available), page number(s) (if available),
Chief 2005). viewed Day Month Year, Database Name, item number (if
available).
Note: the item number may be called the accession number or
document number or document id.
Example:
‘Combined use’ 2005, Fire Chief, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 100-110,
viewed 17 August 2012, Business Source Premier,
EBSCOhost, 18993353.
OR
Fire Chief 2005, ‘Combined use’, Fire Chief, vol. 49, no. 11, pp.
100-110, viewed 17 August 2012, Business Source Premier,
EBSCOhost, 18993353.

4.7 Multimedia

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Motion picture In the 1930s it was Australian Title of film Year of release, motion picture, Country of origin:
(for a movie that Government policy to take Film studio or maker, director Name.
you watched in a half-caste children from their Example:
cinema) Aboriginal mothers (Rabbit- Rabbit-proof fence 2002, motion picture, Australia: Miramax
proof fence 2002). Home Entertainment, director P. Noyce.

Podcast Parched: the politics of water Title of podcast Year, podcast, Name of Organisation, Place of
(audio file online) (2008) identifies … Organisation (if available), Day Month of Publication (if
available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Parched: the politics of water 2008, podcast, Australian
Broadcasting Corporation Radio National, 21 November,
viewed 28 September 2009,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/242640
5.htm>
Note: Give either the URL for the page from which the podcast
can be downloaded or the download URL (usually ending in
.mp3)

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Radio program … and the two leaders’ ‘Title of episode’ Year of broadcast, Title of series (where
(for a broadcast seemingly close friendship applicable), radio program, Day Month Time of transmission,
you listened to) (‘Bush’s brain and Howard’s Broadcasting Organisation and Channel, presenter/journalist
election’ 2003). Name.
Note: it is preferable to Example:
obtain the transcript of the ‘Bush’s brain and Howard’s election’ 2003, Background briefing,
program especially if you radio program, 12 October 2pm, Australian Broadcasting
wish to use a quotation Corporation Radio National, presenter S. Correy.

Television Mark Twain, Buster Keaton, ‘Title of episode’ Year of broadcast, Title of series (where
program (for a and Henry Ford were all applicable), television program, Day Month Time of
broadcast you bankrupt at some stage in transmission, Broadcasting Organisation and Channel,
watched) their careers (‘Dreams of presenter/journalist Name.
avarice’ 2009). Example:
Note: it is preferable to ‘Dreams of avarice’ 2009, The ascent of money, television
obtain the transcript of the program, 28 May 8:30pm, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
program especially if you ABC1, presenter N. Ferguson.
wish to use a quotation

Video Inside job (2010) illustrates Title of video Year of release, video recording, Country of origin:
(watched on how unethical behaviour was Film studio or maker, director Name.
DVD,VHS etc) a contributing cause of the Example:
2008 global financial crisis. Inside job 2010, video recording, United States: Sony Pictures
Classics and Representational Pictures, director C. Ferguson.

Video blog post Risk analyst Satyajit Das Screen name of contributor Year, Title of video, Series Title (if
(online blog with notes the role of debt in applicable), video online, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
video postings) accelerating growth Example:
(PressTVGlobalNews 2011).
PressTVGlobalNews 2011,Global economic chaos-on the edge
with Max Keiser-11-04-2011, video online, viewed 9 December
2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iXhAPTGyfQ>

Vodcast Paul Ormerod highlights the Title of vodcast Year, video file, Name of Organisation, Place of
(online video file) role networks play in our Organisation (if available), Day Month of Publication (if
thinking (Networks: how they available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
change our thinking 2011) … Example:
Networks: how they change our thinking 2011, video file,
SlowTV, October, viewed 26 November 2011,
<http://blip.tv/file/get/Slowtv-
NetworksHowTheyChangeOurThinkingPaulOrmerod295.m4v>
Note: Give either the URL for the page from which the vodcast
can be viewed or downloaded .

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4.8 Newspapers and online news sources
Online news sources such as Reuters or Bloomberg or the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) should be
referenced as online newspapers.
Note: Omit ‘the’ in newspapers’ titles, for example: use Wall Street Journal, not The Wall Street Journal.

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Newspaper Different methods of retaining Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,
article with nurses have been challenged page number(s).
author by Brown (1987) … Example:
(print) Brown, D. 1987, ‘Hospitals try tea, raises, status to refill
thinning ranks of nurses’, Los Angeles Times, 6 August, p. 1.

Newspaper … infrequent (‘One dead in ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page
article, no author multiple beach rescue’ 2011). number(s).
(print) OR
OR Title of Newspaper Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper,
… infrequent (Sydney Day Month, page number(s).
Morning Herald 2011). Example:
‘One dead in multiple beach rescue’ 2011, Sydney Morning
Herald, 11 January, p. 10.
OR
Sydney Morning Herald 2011, ‘One dead in multiple beach
rescue’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, p. 10.

Newspaper Martin (2011) asserts that … Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,
article with viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
author Example:
(online) Martin, P. 2011, ‘Fraud is a cinch – just ask your bank’, Sydney
Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 13 January 2011,
<http://www.smh.com.au/business/fraud-is-a-cinch–just-ask-
your-bank-20110110-19l77.html>

Newspaper … infrequent (‘One dead in ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, viewed
article, no author multiple beach rescue’ 2011). Day Month Year, <URL>
(online) OR
OR Title of Newspaper Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper,
… infrequent (Sydney Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Morning Herald 2011) Example:
‘One dead in multiple beach rescue’ 2011, Sydney Morning
Herald, 11 January, viewed 16 August 2012,
<http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/one-dead-in-multiple-beach-
rescue-20110121-19zp5.html>
OR
Sydney Morning Herald 2011, ‘One dead in multiple beach
rescue’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 16 August
2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/one-dead-in-multiple-
beach-rescue-20110121-19zp5.html>

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Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Newspaper The problems faced by Wall Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,
article with Street in the past have been page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month Year,
author denied by Kindleberger Database Name, item number (if available).
(database) (1999) who maintains that … Note: the item number may be called the accession number or
document id.
Example:
Kindleberger, C. 1999, ‘Fools and their money – what’s left of
it’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19 August, viewed 28
September 2004, ProQuest Central, 398688342.

Newspaper According to Government ‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page
article, no author witnesses, Standard Oil number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month Year, Database
(database) salesman tampered with oil Name, item number (if available).
lamps such that Standard Oil OR
appeared to burn brighter Title of Newspaper Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper,
and cleaner than Day Month, page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month
independent oil companies’ Year, Database Name, item number (if available).
products (‘Standard Oil Co.
Note: the item number may be called the accession number or
denies trickery’ 1908).
document id.
Example:
OR
‘Standard Oil Co. denies trickery’ 1908, New York Times, 10
… products (New York Times September, viewed 14 July 2012, Proquest Historical
1908). Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2008), 96807821.
OR
New York Times 1908, ‘Standard Oil Co. denies trickery’, New
York Times, 10 September, viewed 14 July 2012, Proquest
Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2008),
96807821.

Business Programs Unit Page 24
Business School Referencing Guide
4.9 Reports, statistics, government documents, graphs, tables and images

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Report The Allen Consulting Group Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of report, Report number
(printed) (2006) presented a (if available), Publisher or Institution, Place of Publication.
convincing argument that Example:
skills matter to employers. Allen Consulting Group 2006, World class skills for world class
industries: employers’ perspectives on skilling in Australia, Allen
Consulting Group, Sydney.

Report Fatih Birol, Chief Economist Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of report, Report number
(online, usually for the International Energy (if available), Publisher or Institution, Place of Publication (if
pdf) Agency, stated that ‘current available), ISBN (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
high oil prices have the Example:
potential to strangle the Johnson, V., Simms, A., Skrebowski, C. and Greenham, T.
economic recovery in many 2012, The economics of oil dependence: a glass ceiling to
countries’ (Johnson et al. recovery, New Economics Foundation, London, ISBN 978-1-
2012, p. 2). 908506-27-6, viewed 27 November 2012,
<http://www.neweconomics.org/publications/the-economics-of-
oil-dependence-a-glass-ceiling-to-recovery>

Government Unemployment increased Government Department or Body Year, Title of document,
statistics substantially following the Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),
(print) financial crisis (Australian catalogue no. (if available).
Bureau of Statistics 2010). Example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Labour statistics Australia,
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra, catalogue no. 6101.0.

Government The Human Rights and Government (Department or Body) Year, Title of document,
publication Equal Opportunity Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),
(print) Commission (1997) noted catalogue no. (if available).
that … Example:
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997,
Bringing them home: report of the national inquiry into the
separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from
their families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, Sydney.

Government … $1.8 billion could be Government Department or Body Year, Title of document,
publication gained annually (Uranium Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),
(online, usually Mining, Processing and catalogue no. (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
pdf) Nuclear Energy Review Example:
Taskforce 2006). Uranium Mining, Processing and Nuclear Energy Review
Taskforce 2006, Uranium mining, processing and nuclear
energy – opportunities for Australia?, Department of Prime
Minister and Cabinet, Barton, viewed 11 December 2011,
<http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38975/U
mpner_report_2006.pdf>

Business Programs Unit Page 25
Business School Referencing Guide
Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Figure, graph, Figure 3 (adapted from Reference according to the publication type (e.g. book, journal
table or image Australian Bureau of article, web document).
Statistics 2010) shows a Important: Every figure, graph or table you use must have a
sustained downward trend in title, and it must be referenced and explained within your text.
private sector house
approvals …
Example of a title for a figure, graph, image or diagram:

Note: if you have changed
Figure 2 – Private sector house approvals 2010 – 2011.
the data in any way, add
‘adapted from’ to the
reference: Example of a title for a table:
Figure 3 (adapted from Table 6 – Oil production in OECD states 2000 – 2011.
Australian Bureau of
Statistics 2010) shows a Example:
sustained downward trend in Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Building approvals,
private sector house Australia, November 2011, viewed 23 January 2012,
approvals … <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8731.0>

Business Programs Unit Page 26
Business School Referencing Guide
4.10 Theses, conference proceedings and papers, working papers

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Thesis Guikema (2004) argues that Author(s) Year, ‘Title of thesis’, Type of thesis, Department,
(online) … University, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Example:
Guikema, J. W. 2004, ‘Scanning Hall probe microscopy of
magnetic vortices in very underdoped yttrium-barium-copper-
oxide’, PhD thesis, Department of Physics, Stanford University,
viewed 22 January 2012,
<http://www.stanford.edu/group/moler/theses/JWGThesis.pdf>

Thesis The role of distance in retail Author(s) Year, ‘Title of thesis’, Type of thesis, Department,
(database) gasoline market competition University, viewed Day Month Year, Database Name, item
is analysed by Brewer (2007) number (if available)
who concludes that … Example:
Brewer, J. 2007, ‘Competition in the retail gasoline industry’,
PhD thesis, Department of Economics, University of Arizona,
viewed 29 October 2008, ProQuest, 304894280.

Published Ballsun-Stanton and Bunker Author(s) Year, ‘Title of conference paper’, Proceedings of the
conference paper (2009) express the view that Title of Conference, viewed Day Month Year, Location, <URL>
or conference … Example:
proceeding Ballsun-Stanton, B. and Bunker, D. 2009, ‘Philosophy of data
(online) (PoD) and its importance to the discipline of information
systems’, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on
Information Systems, San Francisco, California, viewed 12 July
2010, <http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443>

Unpublished Mitchell and McKenzie Author(s) Year, ‘Title of conference paper’, paper presented at
conference paper (2004) express the view that Title of Conference, Location, Day(s) Month Year.
… Example:
Mitchell, H. and McKenzie, M. 2004, ‘The use of forecasting
accuracy as an ARCH model selection tool’, paper presented at
Fourth International Scientific School MASR, St. Petersburg,
Russia (Russian Federation), 22-25 June 2004.

Working paper Instances of corporate social Author(s) Year, ‘Title of paper’, Series Title, number, Institution.
responsibility occurred in the Example:
th
late 19 century (Smith Smith, N. C. 2003, ‘Corporate social responsibility: not whether,
2003). but how?’, Centre for Marketing Working Paper, no. 03-701,
London Business School.

Note: If ‘working paper’ is not in the series title, place it before
the paper no., for example:
Jones, M. 2010, ‘Motion effects’, Current Issues in Marketing,
working paper no. 769, Victoria University of Wellington.

Business Programs Unit Page 27
Business School Referencing Guide
5. Referencing checklist

Before you submit, check the following: Yes No

1. In-text references
Quotations

Did you put single inverted commas ‘…’ around the author’s or source’s original words in
each short quotation?

Did you integrate each short quotation into a sentence?

If you used a long quotation (more than 30 words), did you indent the quotation from the
left and right margins (without using single inverted commas)?

Did you include the following information near each quotation:
• author’s family name or source?
• year of publication?
• page number(s) where you found the quotation (unless a web page)?

Paraphrases and summaries

Did you put the original author’s or source’s words into your own?

Did you include the following information near each paraphrase and summary:
• author’s family name or source?
• year of publication?

If you used more than one reference for your paraphrase or summary, did you list the
authors/sources alphabetically?

2. Reference list (at the end of your assignment)
Have you included the heading Reference list immediately before your list of references at
the end of your assignment?

Have you arranged all your references alphabetically?

If you used multiple references by the same author/source, have you listed them
chronologically (for example: Lee 2009 … Lee 2010)?

If an author (or source) has more than one publication in the same year, did you use
suffixes a, b, c to distinguish them (for example: Smith 2010a … Smith 2010b … Smith
2010c)?

Did you check each comma, full stop, bracket and your use of italics and
capitalisation?

Did you check that all URLs are not underlined (hyperlinks removed)?

Business Programs Unit Page 28
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