Write an Introduction Section. Historically, the basic question is how is memory for verbal materials affected by the encoding or rehearsal operations we perform on them. In the Atkinson & Shiffrin model of memory, simple repetition of the material was thought to be sufficient to temporarily maintain info in STM and ultimately transferring it into LTM. However, Fergus Craik and his collaborators developed an alternative theoretical model called “Levels of Processing” which focused on the “type of processing operation” performed on verbal material. For example, it was believed the “sensory processing” (i.e., processing the visual or auditory properties of words) would lead to fragile, short-lived memories while “semantic processing” (i.e., processing the meaning of words) would lead to durable, long-lived memories. Other researchers (e.g., Klein & Kihlstrom, 1986) have shown that processing verbal material relative to oneself (e.g., “this describes me?”) also produced durable memories. The present experiment is a replication of Rogers et al (1977) procedure that demonstrated that “self-words” are better remembered than words which a person decided had the letter “e” (“e-words”).
NOTE: be sure to provide appropriate citations in support of your statements and provide the references in your reference list. You should use PsycInfo to locate at least three (3) research studies that either provide background and/or additional research results based on the self reference effect.
Write a Discussion section (see p501-503 for a description of this section and see p503 for an example). Start by summarizing the main results and then expand on this by explaining the implications of the results. Did the encoding manipulation (i.e., deciding whether the letter “e” was present or whether the word described oneself) affect one’s memory for the words that were presented during the decision making part of the experiment? If so, what does this tell us about the how the type of cognitive operation or encoding process we use affects the storage of verbal information in memory? What general statements can we make given these results? However, examine the published research on levels of processing to appreciate the limitations of our conclusions. NOTE: today we know that there are problems with the levels/depth of processing approach, some of which are reviewed by Baddeley (1978) and Nelson et al (1979).
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NOTE: be sure to provide appropriate citations in support of your statements and provide the references in your reference list. You should use PsycInfo to locate at least three (3) research studies that either provide background and/or additional research results based on the self reference effect.
Write a Discussion section (see p501-503 for a description of this section and see p503 for an example). Start by summarizing the main results and then expand on this by explaining the implications of the results. Did the encoding manipulation (i.e., deciding whether the letter “e” was present or whether the word described oneself) affect one’s memory for the words that were presented during the decision making part of the experiment? If so, what does this tell us about the how the type of cognitive operation or encoding process we use affects the storage of verbal information in memory? What general statements can we make given these results? However, examine the published research on levels of processing to appreciate the limitations of our conclusions. NOTE: today we know that there are problems with the levels/depth of processing approach, some of which are reviewed by Baddeley (1978) and Nelson et al (1979).
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